'Aristotle & Socrates Essay\r'

' ism comes from the Greek grow content â€Å"the love of wisdom. ” Philosophers argon manyones who charter a compelling need to dog wisdom. Since the beginning of time, quick of scent man and women keep dedicated themselves to asking â€Å"Big Questions”. Depending on the questions, there ar various areas of ism including metaphysics, epistemological, axiology, ethics, aesthetics, political doctrine, social philosophy, and logic. Homework fare a â€Å"Creative” cook upation of mortal (fictional or real) you consider a invigorated person. Be prepared to present it in class and explain what characteristics make a person wise.\r\nArchetypes Archetypes are basic images that represent our judgmention of the essence of a accepted resistant of person…. usu eachy considered to be shared by completely of cosmos throughout time. Philosophical archetypes are philosophers who educe an original or influential efflorescence of view in a steering that signifi displacetly collide withs subsequent philosophers and non-philosophers. Western philosophy has been dominated by males of European ancestry. Relativism- Relativism is the view that noesis is obdurate by specialised qualities of the observer.\r\nIn other words, absolute (universal) tell apartledge of the fairness is unimaginable; â€Å" angiotensin-converting enzyme assent is as erect as some other”. Philosophy week 2 Pre- Socratic philosophy: Asian sages and the sage The sharp-witted The sage is an archetypal fig. Who combines religious ambition with a love of wisdom? effectuate in ancient Asia, they are the oldest philosophic archetypes, identifying gratification and teaching the healthy bread and exactlyter. Asian cosmology is not found on empirical (numbers, data, statistics) or scientific evidence.\r\nIt contends (argues) that all(prenominal) topic is functional harmoniously, following the Tao (Force or flow of power in life), or the â⠂¬Å"path” or the â€Å"way” There is no disengagement in the midst of heaven and earth, divine and valet de chambre, merely is working together; all is one charitable race containing yin and yang. Yin represents earth, weakness, darkness, negative, and destruction. Yang represents heaven, strength, light, positive and construction. One cannot hold water without the other, keeping the introduction in balance. sound get through Lao-tzu Confucius Siddhartha Gautama The Sophists (Meaning Wise in Greek) First headmaster educators, Charged fee to teach.\r\nArgued that the difference between a frank and unhealthful rail line is custom and individualistic preference, nothing is bad or good in nature. They argued for relativism, deuce cultural and individual. Journal 3 rede pages 59-60 confer upon ways you have been a victim of ethnocentrism. Reflect upon ways you are ethnocentric Reflect ways the States is ethnocentric. Since 911. The Person Socrates (470-399 B. C. E) was the first major horse opera philosopher. He wrote no philosophy and what we realise of him comes antiquely from his pupils Plato and Xenophon.\r\nSocrates challenged the sophists doctrines of relativism and moral realism he often taught that beauty and goodness determined by utility (If it serves a purpose) His Teachings Socrates is near famous for his style of philosophical research cognize as the Socratic rule or dialectic. Education is supposed to gasp familiarity out of you instead of ride with you like an empty vessel. Among his teachings, his most long-lasting command was know you. Believing an unexamined life was not value financial backing, he saying himself as a kind of â€Å"doc of the individual.\r\n” He thinkd that the real person is not the body, but the physics-mind- person. Journal 5 interpret the trial and devastation of Socrates on pages 110-115 How does death and his art of dying relate to his teachings business kin Plato was a member of the A whereforeian nobility and Socrates’s most favorite and significant student Athenian democracy was incoherent mob rule. Founded famous academy to educate wise rulers In Plato’s metaphysics, the highest take of reality consists of timeless â€Å"essences” called holds. Platonic forms are independently existing, noncapital â€Å"some-things” Plato divided reality into to two world’s dualism.\r\nThe highest take aim of reality is eternal and changeless universe. The other is the evolving natural world, known as the coming fit to Plato the sophists could not discover truth because they were heedless with the world of ever changing perceptions and customs. For Plato the chief distinction between knowledge and assessment is that knowledge is fixed, absolute and eternally true. Whereas mentation is unanchored and changeable. According to plait opinion lives in the realm of meet truth and knowledge are found on the level of being. The Divided line 133-135.\r\nThe simile of the sunniness 135-137 The apologue of the cvae137-139 The divided line A+B= World of Forms (Being, associationable) C+D= Physical world (Becoming Opinion) Metaphysics | Epistemology(study of knowledge) | Higher Forms(Example: the good) | A: Understanding | Lower Forms(Example: Form human) | B: Reasoning | Sensible Objects (Example: Mother Teresa) | C. learning | Images(Example: Mother Teresa’s Photograph) | D. Imagination | parable of the sun Plato compared the absolute form of the good to the sun; the good makes the existence of everything else possible.\r\nThe good cannot t be observed by the five senses and can be known only by pure cerebration or intelligence. It is the source of both the harbor and the existence of all other forms. Allegory of the cave In the allegory for the cave, Plato categorized tether levels of awareness by referring to trinity distinct levels of reality: two levels of becoming and one ulti mate level of being. lowest level: No imagination or perception Informed level: Wider get down of basic agreement. Awakening Highest level: psyche has no need for perception or interpretation.\r\nThe Republic (Socrates book for perfect utopia) Plato concur that there is a reciprocal congenership between the individual and the kind of company in which he or she lives. The apotheosis state, for Plato, meets three basic characteristics 1) Nourishing involve, 2) protection needs 3) Ordering needs These needs are best met by three classes: Workers, Warriors, Guardians or Philosopher †Kings. The republic businesss two views of morality. The slavish theory of morality asserts that right and reproach must be determined by the consequences our actions produce.\r\nThe functionalist theory of morality holds that right and harm can only be still in terms of the way they affect our overall functioning as human beings. According to Plato, the skilful state functions amply; t he unjust state is dysfunctional, only when all classes of people are virtuous gibe to their natures is the state whole, healthy, balanced and just. In rewrite to be a just human being, balanced. Virtuous. †temperance, courage, wisdom, justice(essence and balance of the soul) Plato thought the worst kind of Gov. was a tyranny. And democracy was a tyranny.\r\nmajority rule makes little tyrants out of everybody. Journal 6 According to Plato’s philosophy, please answer these questions: Carefully explain the relationship of the individual to the state in Plato’s Republic. why is the relationship significant? What does Plato see as the most unjust type of person and state? Do you agree? exempt. Explain the origin and nature of democracy check to plan. Aristotle The person Aristotle was Plato’s most storied student and went on to be the individualised tutor of Alexander the great. He in the end created his own school called the lyceum.\r\nIn contrast to P lato, Aristotle introduced the idea of naturalistic or scientific knowledge gained from collecting facts and usual actual data to make the world a better place. Aristotle was a naturalist. Naturalism if the flavour that reality consists of the natural world and that the universe is ordered. Everything follows discoverable laws of nature. His Philosophy Aristotle believed that form and consider can be intellectually confused but cannot live independently in reality. The form of something is called its essence. Matter is the common tangible fabric stuff but it has no distinct characteristics without a form.\r\nAristotelian form is that which is in matter and makes thing is what that is. So, individual things are â€Å"formed matter. ” Aristotle argued that complete understanding of a thing required identifying its â€Å" iv causes. ” 1st cause: Material cause, the material thing is made of Cause: dinner dress cause. The form the thing takes cause: efficacious cau se, the triggering motion that begins the thing Cause: final examination cause, the Telis, or the ultimate purpose for which the thing exists. In living things, Aristotle called the final cause, Entelechy, souseding having its purpose within.\r\nHe believed every living thing had an â€Å"inner urge” or a drive to become its fantastic self. He believed nature was ordered and guide internally. Journal 7 Consider the quotes on page 153. transport write a few paragraphs for each one describing what they mean to you and how they relate to you. For Aristotle, psyche or soul is the form of the body. Soul is entelechy. Like every other instance of form and matter, for Aristotle the soul can’t be degage from the body and its body and it’s impossible to affect the body without alike poignant the soul or to affect the soul without affecting the body.\r\nAristotle taught that gentlemans gentleman had a hierarchy of three kinds of souls, each higher level containin g the aspects of the lower levels: 1st level: concluding soul called vegetative or Nutritive, office for absorption 2nd Level: the sensate or sensitive soul, registers all info regarding form of other things. 3rd Level: Highest Soul found in humans only, called rational soul, and includes the other two increase the capabilities for analysis, understanding relationships and decision-making. According to Aristotle the good is that which all things aim.\r\nIt is their entelechy Eudemonia which often translated to happiness means being really alive rather than just existing. According to Aristotle happiness requires activity good habits and practical wisdom. Aristotelian moderation is establish on the concept of wisdom strike the mark between too some(prenominal) and not enough Virtue consists of strike the mark or the mean but vice consist of being off by too much (excess) or too little (Deficiency) Journal 8 Read pages 172-176 Explain the importance of hitting the mark and cha racter to Aristotle’s concept of happiness What is the principle of meaning?\r\nPhilosophy study guide Academy- Alexander the broad An Unexamined Life Aristotelian Forms Aristotle’s pecking order of souls Aristotle’s Idea of a substantially life Aristotle’s Teacher Entelechy smash the mark Lyceum Naturalism Plato’s 3 classes of people Plato’s feelings toward democracy Democracy Plato’s four underlying virtues Plato’s teacher Platonic Forms metaphor of the sun Socrates Death sentence gravity The republic Three levels of human souls shogunate journal 1 Wisdom | friendship | Theoretical Knowledge | Practical Knowledge | Belief | Mere Belief | Willed Ignorance |\r\n explanation and Examplesjournal 2 Write how each of the octad paths are relevant in straight off’s world journal 4· Socrates’ â€Å"electric shock” effect on Athens resulted in death, however it gave him a place in history as a great th inker wise sage. From pages 87-95, read each quote in the margins· Please write the quote that shocks you and Reflect upon its meaning to you. Absolute truth is â€Å" legality” with a capital T. What do we know so far? Modern Philosophy(How do you know that it’s true? ) afterwards Christianity began to grow, most Europeans turned to god as the ultimate source of wisdom and the church service building as the ultimate authority.\r\nyet, by the seventeenth century scientific ad advancements and the sink of the authority of a single church began the era of modern philosophy. It was a modify from metaphysics to epistemology. Rene Descartes(1596-1650) is the father of philosophy. He came up with rationalism. Dcccd. edu> then go to student services, then libraries. 3 ears of Western Philosophy- 1 Classical, what is truth? essentialism; Modern- How do you know it’s true? rationalism; Rationalism is the epistemological position in which reason is said to be t he ancient source of all knowledge.\r\nRationalist believe in the coherence theory of truth: that new or unclear ideas should be evaluated in terms of rational or logical consistency and in relation to already established truth. Rationalism says that nonfigurative reasoning can produce short certain truths about reality and that some truths can be discovered without observation, sampleation or experience. These truths are innate ideas or a priori ideas. A priori can be known without experience or experiment but Posteriori ideas are derived from experience and experiment.\r\nHowever he arrived at the cogito, ergo sum, Latin for â€Å"I think, therefore I am. ” This, on with a satisfactory belief in god, stood as his undoubtable truth. Journal 9 Please do the philosophical queries(Green Boxes) on pgs. 252 and 253 Jeremy Bentham- resurrected hedonism, in direct response to the conservative command class in Britain. The result he created the â€Å"greatest happiness† principle also known as the Principle of Utility, that states we should eer act to promote the greatest happiness for the greatest number.\r\nBenthams hedonic calculus was a crude method of reducing express to simple calculation of units of delectation versus units of pain. kind hedonism- pain and pleasure determine what we shall do Ethical hedonism- pain and pleasure guide on to what we ought to do. Bentham extended the ethical reach of the pleasure principle beyond the human company to any creature with the capacity to suffer. He argued that insisting that animals lack moral worth was akin to racism. John stuart mill He believed that there is an empirical basis keep his claim that refined pleasures to crude ones.\r\n submarine sandwich disagreed with Bentham that all motives are egotistic and based his more refined philosophy in the social feelings of all people for consonance with each other. Mill believed in the chess opening of altruism, the capacity to promote well being of others, he argued that the lack of altruistic feelings and ignorance of the higher pleasures were products of scummy education and harsh conditions, not forest of human nature. According to mill, the selfishness and lack of mental cultivation are the chief causes of unhappiness, and can be cured with a puritanical education and legislation.\r\n'