The Role of Time Management Techniques in Avoiding Project Delays Dissertation

The Role of Time Management Techniques in Avoiding Project Delays - Dissertation Example Structured, systematic ways of managing the project and its risks are also imperative. Moreover, it is encouraging to find that the respondents perceive their senior management favourably, with senior management leadership and communication not being singled out as a cause of project delay. The study has likewise found that the outcomes of project delays include the work disturbance; cost variances; and operational losses. Disagreement is also apparent. However, these do not develop so gravely as to merit the termination of the contract or the filing of a legal case. The present study likewise found that the timely clarification of project objectives; solicitation of top management support; manpower selection; clarification of project restrictions; definition / identification of activity; spelling out the sequence of activity; and building a timetable of activity were all adequately practised by the construction and engineering players in Saudi Arabia. There is a need to further impr ove the timeliness with which the following facets of project management are carried out within their specific context: client consultation; manpower training; solicitation of the dedication of the project team; evaluation of the efficiency of client and contractor; risk and liability evaluations; clarification of end-users requirements; resource approximation; schedule development; schedule control; and overall impact vs. actual practise of time management technique

U.S. Policy on Energy Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

U.S. Policy on Energy - Term Paper Example Currently, the U.S energy policy has allowed Canada to ship oil to main refineries to the U.S. Several options of energy sources to the U.S which include hydroelectric power, coal power, geothermal power and importation of crude oil from Canada. Hydroelectric and geothermal energy is more environmentally friendly and cheap to produce since it is a sustainable source. Coal power may be damaging to the environment but it is cheap to exploit. Biodiesels energy is friendly to ecosystem but may not meet the U.S energy demands. The U.S government should invest in hydroelectric energy and geothermal energy and stop the plans of building the Keystone XL pipeline from Canada. Hydroelectric energy is more reliable since the US has many rivers and dams. Geothermal power is sustainable in the long run. Statement of the purpose The US $ 13 billion keystone pipeline system will play a critical role in linking Canadian crude oil suppliers with the largest refining markets in the US. However, there have been public concerns on the dirty sand oil emissions which may damage the ecosystem. The proposed keystone Gulf Coast Expansion project is approximate 1661 mile, 36 inch crude oil pipeline that begins in Alberta and terminating in Texas after passing through Oklahoma. Introduction On Nov, 4th, 2011, TransCanada announced plans to support the proposed legislation within the State of Nebraska to move the key Keystone XL pipeline project forward. If passed, the legislation will see a pipeline route which avoids sand hills is developed. Nebraskans supports the development of the Keystone XL pipeline and at the same time TransCanada has announced that the Keystone XL route has changed and Nebraskans will play a key role in determining the final route (Friends of Earth 2). Cost benefit analysis of Keystone XL pipeline The benefits of Keystone XL are certain when approved. The pipeline remains the best option for producers to supply crude oil to US Gulf Coast refineries hence it has a strategic importance to the US economy. The US economy consumes 15 million barrels of oil each day and imports 10 to 11 million barrels per day. The industry forecasts indicate that crude oil demand in the US will increase over a period of the next three decades hence secure supply of oil is important in achieving US energy security. TransCanada has already set plans to contract more than 13,000 Americans to work on the construction of the pipeline which include pipefitters, welders, mechanics and electricians. Additional 7,000 jobs will be created in the manufacturing sector will local businesses along the pipeline will benefit from 118,000 occasional jobs which will lead to increase in demand for local goods and services (FOX NEWS.COM 2). Costs The pipeline would double the imports of dirty tar sands oil in to United States. Pollution from tar sands oil are higher than pollutions from conventional oil since the levels of carbon dioxide emissions are three times higher than those emitted by the conventional oils. The pipeline would add the climate-damaging emissions to the US (FOX NEWS.COM 3). Water waste During the tar sands oil extraction, vast water resources are required to separate the extracted product, bitumen, sand, silt, and clay. It takes three times amount of water to extract one unit of oil (Morton 4). Tar sands operations use

Positive and Negative Effects of Swimming and Running

Positive and Negative Effects of Swimming and Running Quynh Ho Health in Your Choice Swimming and running are considered as two popular activities sport. Every activity is very good; especially, both swimming and running are beneficial to your health. However, experts often analyze which has more advantages: swimming or walking? By Alex Hutchinson in â€Å"Whats better: 30 minutes of swimming or running†, he said that spending 30 minutes swimming is better than running. The thing is swimming can be better than running in some ways. Whether you are children or adult, it is a great sport that may bring more benefits than the advantages of running without having a joint or injury to the heart, and athletes lose weight safely. To begin with, running may have risks on knees. Most runners have heard that â€Å"Youre going to ruin your knees! (Keri Bond 1). We cannot deny the fact that most runners often suffer trauma-related activities in their careers and lead injuries are more common in the knees. Running is a sport that has high impact, so many people such as runners do not avoid the injury during running. The article â€Å"Exercising with Osteoporosis: Stay Active the Safe Way† by Mayo Clinic staff showed that â€Å"Activities such as jumping, running or jogging can lead to fractures in weakened bones† (2). It points out that people who run suffer from stiffness in their knees. Thus, the vital reason to explain for this problem in runners’ knees is collision. According to Keri Bond in â€Å" The Effect of Running on the Knees†, â€Å"Each time your foot makes contact with the ground, forces equaling two to four times your body weight travel upward through your lower leg, kne e, thigh, hip and pelvis, and into your spine† ( 1). Therefore, the entire weight of the body will be pushed down to the knees and legs while they are running. The weight of the body makes the exposure or the impact from the knee to the ground is very big and strong, so they can make a knee injury. Thus, knees injuries may seem like elusive injure in runners. Because of knee pain or the constant impact will lead to a knee replacement, many people decide to stop running. Other runners have serious problems in using their leg throughout the rest of their life. Moreover, womens knees are more susceptible to injury than men, because their wider pelvis, leg alignment, joint looseness and general muscle strength (Keri Bond 1). For this reason, women should be more cautious to prevent this injury. Unlike running, swimming will reduce risks of knees injury. The weight of the water does not reduce the pressure on the joints eliminates the possibility of the knees and the other muscle groups take part in in activities other than strong impact. Several survey have published that swimming will bring great advantages to the knees. A study demonstrated in the Arthritis Care Research journal found that diseased individual in the water will implement more effective pain relief than people who practiced on the coast (1). Thus, water exercise will gain the use of knees joint help perform better. The three reasons work-out water to be good for knees. First, lot muscle groups will be used, especially the use of arm and leg muscles while swimming. Second, swimming helps build their muscle. Third, the joints will continue to operate and help them stronger thanks to the pressure from the water. Secondly, another crucial risk of running is directly in the heart. It points out that the effort to bring about serious consequences damage to their heart. A new report was published in Mayo Clinic Proceedings suggests that the athletes put damage on their heart increase over time when they are running a long- distance. It can cause a buildup of scar tissue on the heart, which can lead to the development of patchy myocardial fibrosis in up to 12% of marathon runner† ( OMara 1). For instance, â€Å"on July 20, 1984, Jim Fixx was a consummate runner- on his routine 10 mile run, he suffered a fatal heart attack† ( Ebert 1). He passed at the age of 52. Moreover, his death was not the only issue for this situation. A story about Micah True, who was the marathoner, occurred in April this year, suffered heart attacks during a race was updated in the news. Running has damaged heart of both 58-year-old man, Micah True and Jim Fixx because of heart attacks. Their heart function i s reduced when the runners do stubborn exercise, as a result, it damages their heart and the risk of dying from heart attack is very possible with a runner. Running is dangerous the heart, on the contrary, swimming is good for it. Because swimmings activities are less demand on the heart than running, their heart rate won’t go up as high. That means â€Å"heart rate is lower by10 to 20 beats per minute† (Wellness 1). While they are swimming, the movement of the water will make the blood flow from the heart to brain better. Consequence, swimming will help to â€Å"increase the heart rate† and â€Å"improve heart health† effectively (Borboa 1). Berkeley Wellness, author of article â€Å"Why is Swimming is so Good for You,† asserted that â€Å"If you’re looking for exercise that improves heart and lung capacity, but is gentle on your joints, swimming is a top choice. Therefore, practicing this activity 3-4 days per week can avoid the risk of heart disease and stroke. As Andre Jackson explain, â€Å"Swimming is generally regarded as a great way to help you to improve your heart rate and blood flow and to help maintain a healthy weight† (1). Thus, swimming is the best method to reduce joint problems and cardiovascular disease. In addition, lose weight seems to be an indispensable advantage of swimming. Unlike running, swimming brings interests for the whole body and is a good choice to improve overall fitness. According to experts, swimming is a good way to lose weight by work-out result to every parts of body is operated in a flexible way from limbs to abs and back. This process requires swimmer to consume a large amount of calories, the energy loss can be transformed from fat accumulation in the body. The impact of water combined with physical activity as a massage therapist and fitness combined, all body parts and movement helps tone muscles, blood circulation, and especially burns body fats. An article â€Å"The Health Benefits of Swimming† by The Life script Editorial Staff showed that â€Å"On average, a swimmer can burn as many calories in an hour as a runner who runs six miles in one hour. Simply put, some call swimming the perfect form of exercise.† That is true because swimming is a n aerobic exercise with impact and lowest pressure on the joints; it combines using muscle in the same time as the arms, legs, back, and abdomen. Consequently, the best method loses weight by swimming sports are widely applied. However, not everyone recognized that swimming is better than running. In the articleâ€Å"16 Reasons Why Running is Better Than Swimming (Jennies Rebuttal)† by Jennie Hansen, she focuses on giving her own ideas about 16 reasons why running is better than swimming. When she is running, she sees some benefits that swimming could not bring to such as she can look and listen to everything around and breathe in the air. Her winter running clothes are better, and her hair is not gnarly. She does not pay money. Her run form does not need high level, and she will not happen something when she stop running and..etc. Thus, in her article, she only gives benefits outside of running and does not tend to swimming’s benefits about health. Her analysis about running is better swimming is not really exact. That can be true when swimming cannot bring benefits outside as running that she wants but exercise should be analyzed whether it is good or not it must base on its benefit about he alth. So, her ideas will be wrong when she gives a conclusion that running is better than swimming. Running can burn many calories than swimming but running fast can be the risk of knees, joints injury and heart. Besides, heat stroke can easy happen with any runner if they do not know how to control their temperature during running process. Demonstrating the dangers of running does not mean that totally negate the benefits of itself bring for athletes. But considering risk issues in a workout, swimming is less likely to occur. Even if you have to take a little pressure from the water, it is less likely to make your heart stroke. Theres no ground impact from swimming, so it can protect your joints, maintain your breath from stress. Moreover, swimming also helps people lose weight easier. It burns lots of calories, anywhere about 590 calories per hour depending on how efficiently you swim. Many people think that running is a great method to lose weight. It is true because running will need a lot of power and burn many calories than swimming but dangers of body coccus anytime. But when you use a lot power in body, you can have to face with dangerous health. So, if you want to lose weight quickly, you can increase hours of swimming to get effective in losing weight. Besides, because theres no impact with swimming, swimming can be continued for a lifetime. Even if you are 93 years old, you still can swim but running has troubles in this problem. You can see this evidence in the United States Masters Swimming (http://www.usms.org/) a web site for age categories of their swim competitions. Indeed, swimming is a good exercise and brings many benefits. It can satisfy all rigorous requirements of athletes or those people want to lose weight with health’s safe. Thus, to consider running or swimming is better, you should be based on benefits and danger themselves. Not only that, some people argue that swimming has more risks than running in exercise. First thing, swimming is not good for skin because† most swimming pools contain chlorine, a gaseous element that helps keep the pool free of bacteria and debris. Undiluted chlorine is highly toxic and caustic..Swimming in a chlorinated pool can dry out your skin and make it feel tight and itchy because the chlorine strips your skin of its natural oils. People with sensitive skin might even get irritation or a rash from the pools drying effects† ( Sarah 1). Our skin often secretes organic acids to keep skin soft, smooth and protected from the harmful effects of the bacteria from the environment. The more contact with water or soak in water for too long will cause the acid leaching; making the skin becomes rough, prone to irritation and injury. Moreover, chemicals in pool water absorbs sunlight, even when its not sunny, we can still endured from the â€Å"harmful effects of ultraviolet rays†. This becomes more and more dangerous in the period to go swimming because the body exposed to sunlight and ultraviolet radiation. It can cause skin pigmentation, gray, dry skin, peeling, blistering and even can lead to skin cancer. Besides, swimming is also negatively effects to the eye. When swimming, the eye often contacts direct with water, so eyes will quickly compromised by the bacteria. â€Å"The spread of conjunctivitis from pool usage because even in chemically treated water, the chlorine does not kill all the germs, nor does it kill germs instantly (â€Å"Protecting Your Eyes in a Swimming Pool† 1) . So when they swim in pool, if germs transferred from person to person, eyes may become red, confess, and look blurred. However, despite these risks, swimming is better than running because swimming will decrease risks of knees injury, be good for heart and lose weight safe. In conclusion, both sport swimming and running carry its own benefits itself. Although swimming brings negative effects, the risks can occur during exercise, the swimming brings fewer risks. Swimming is not only limited the risks of knee injury and heart but it also is an effective way to lose weight without using too much energy in the body like running. Works Cited Admin. Does Water Polo Burn More Calories than Swimming? Does Water Polo Burn More Calories than Swimming? Admin, n.d. Web. 20 July 2014. http://www.dietnutritionadvisor.com/does-water-polo-burn-more-calories-than-swimming>. Bond, Keri. The Effect of Running on the Knees. The Effect of Running on the Knees. Keri Bond, n.d. Web. 6 Jan. 2014. http://www.livestrong.com/article/526736-running-how-it-affects-your-knees/>. Borboa, Michele MS. 5 Best Exercises to Improve Heart Health. 5 Best Exercises to Improve Heart Health. Michele Borboa, MS, n.d. Web. 15 Feb. 2011. http://www.sheknows.com/health-and-wellness/articles/814921/5-best-exercises-to-improve-heart-health-1>. Clinic, Mayo. Exercising with osteoporosis: Stay active the safe way. Exercising with Osteoporosis: Stay Active the Safe Way. Mayo Clinic, n.d. Web. 1 Jan. 2014. http://www.riversideonline.com/health_reference/Womens-Health/HQ00643.cfm>. Ebert, Benjamin. The Runners Heart. The Runners Heart. Benjamin Ebert, n.d. Web. 1 Sept. 2013. http://www.runnersworld.com/injury-treatment/runners-heart>. Jashon, Andre. 5 Key Benefits of Swimming. 5 Key Benefits of Swimming. Andre Jashon, n.d. Web. 30 Jan. 2014. http://www.mensfitness.co.uk/exercises/3828/5-key-benefits-of-swimming>. Metzker, Sarah Erdemir. The Effects of Swimming on Swimmers Hair Skin. The Effects of Swimming on Swimmers Hair Skin. Sarah Metzker Erdemir, n.d. Web. 19 Dec. 2013. http://www.livestrong.com/article/144066-the-effects-swimming-swimmers-hair-skin/>. OMara, Kelly. How Much Running Is Bad for Your Heart? How Much Running Is Bad for Your Heart? Kelly OMara, n.d. Web. 29 Jan. 2012. http://running.competitor.com/2012/06/news/how-much-running-is-bad-for-your-heart_54331>. Protecting Your Eyes in a Swimming Pool. Protecting Your Eyes in a Swimming Pool. Eye Health, n.d. Web. 3 July 2014. http://www.uptowneyecare.com/eyes-swimming-pool/>. Wellness, Berkeley. Why Swimming Is so Good for You. Why Swimming Is so Good for You. Berkeley Wellness, n.d. Web. 1 Aug. 2011. http://www.berkeleywellness.com/fitness/active-lifestyle/article/why-swimming-so-good-you>. William, Travis. Exercise Can Help Your Joint Pain and Athritis. Exercise Can Help Your Joint Pain and Athritis. Travis William, n.d. Web. 1 Jan. 2014. http://www.mdmh.org/getpage.php?name=William_Exercise_can_help_joint_pain_arthritis>.

Poetry, History, and Dialectic :: Philosophy Argumentative Argument Papers

Poetry, History, and Dialectic Twice in the Poetics, Aristotle contrasts poetry with history. Whatever its didactic value, the contrast has not seemed to readers of special philosophical interest. The aim of this paper is to show that this contrast is philosophically significant not just for our understanding of tragedy but also for the light it sheds on Aristotle’s overall methodology. I shall show how he uses the method sketched in the Topics to define tragedy and explain why the same method will not define history. In particular, tragedy admits of definition because its parts constitute a unity, and much of the Poetics aims to show how, despite being defined through six distinct parts, tragedy can be one. In contrast, history, though a proper preliminary to poetics and concerned also with human action, does not admit of scientific treatment because it contains no essential unities. Aristotle’s understanding of ‘science’ is used here to explain why any attempt to create a scientific hi story would turn history into poetry. I Aristotle claims that the art of dialectic sketched in the Topics contributes to philosophical knowledge because it can be used to find indemonstrable first principles from common opinions: "for, being capable of examining, dialectic has a path to the principles of all disciplines" (à µB ¤  £Ã…“Å ¸Ãƒ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃƒ  Ã‚ ¤) (I.2.101b3-4). Scientific knowledge of a subject consists of grasping its principles and demonstrating its essential attributes from them. How does one come to know the first principles? Obviously, they cannot be demonstrated from prior principles; they are first principles. As such, they are somehow determined by dialectic. Thus, dialectic transforms what we can call, for lack of a better term, a "subject matter" into a science. What is the state of this subject matter before dialectic discovers its principles? It is clear from our Topics text that this examination will look for common opinions, and it is well recognized that Aristotle's actual inquiries often begin from common opinions.(1) So the pre-scientific subject matter must contain common opinions about its facts. Aristotle has a name for such a setting out of facts: in the Prior Analytics, he speaks of deriving the principles of each field from experience and he refers to the account of the phenomena of a field as a "history" (Èà ³Ãƒ µÃ‚ ¦Ãƒ ²Ãƒ ¥Ã‹Å") (46a17-27). Evidently, "history" precedes "science," and transition is effected by dialectic. Aristotle has much to say about how knowledge is derived from sensation and experience, but he never explains how (or whether!) his many remarks fit together into a single process.

Discussing The Theoretical Perspective Of Socialization

Socialization has different perspectives for viewing the social world. Perspective is how the world is looked at and theory consists of principles or propositions that are interrelated and give explanation or an answer to a phenomenon. Sociological theories explain about the social world where we live in. theoretical perspective of socialization explain the causes and possible solutions to social problems. Structural-functionalist perspective Society is considered as a system of parts that are interconnected and work to maintain state of social equilibrium and balance for everybody.For example, every social institution have an important function to the society, a family participates in reproducing, socializing children and nurturing them. Education provides knowledge, skills and shared beliefs to the youths. Politics governs the society and economics helps in production and consumption of goods. (Bacal, 1985 pp20-27). Structural-functionalist lay emphasis on interconnectedness of eve ry society by looking at how different parts influence and are influenced by others.For example, number of children who do not perform well in school has increased due to the increase in number of single parents and families who are dual earners because; parents are not available to supervise their children as they do their homework. Change in technology has resulted to colleges offering technical programs where many adults go to learn new skills required in their place of work. When number of women increase in the work place, there are policies formed against discrimination in jobs and sexual harassment.There is use of functional and dysfunctional in describing effects social elements have on the society. Functional elements make contribution to social stability and it is dysfunctional if there is disruption to social stability. Society may have aspects that are functional and dysfunctional. For example, crime is considered as dysfunctional because of being involved with fear and p hysical violence but Durkheim consider it as functional because of creating heightened awareness of moral bonds that are shared and social cohesion.According to social pathology, when there is sickness in the society, social problems arises just the way body of human being become ill when systems and organs are not functioning normally. When the structure and culture of society do not perform properly, society becomes ill. For example, crime, poverty and violence break families and leads to decline in religious institutions. (Baker, 1995 pp19-23). According to social disorganization, society norms are disrupted by rapid social change.When norms conflict or become weak, society becomes anomie and people may engage in drug abuse, rape and deviant behavior because of the weak and conflicting norms that regards their behavior. The pace of social change should be slowed down and strengthen social norms to solve the social problem. For example, when teenage use alcohol it violates social norm in society. The media show young people taking alcohol which make teenagers buy it using identification cards that are fake and parents make their children drink alcohol by drinking after work.Norms should be strengthened against taking alcohol through public education. (Storer, 1977 pp30-38). Conflict perspective The society is made up of different groups which have interests that compete to get power and resources. Conflict perspective looks at the group with power and is able to benefit from social arrangement. According to Karl Marx, in a society, there are stages involved in economic development. Societies change from being agricultural to industrial and become more concerned in making profit rather than meeting their basic needs.Industrialization results to people who own factories and businesses and workers who earn salaries and wages. People who have their own means of production benefit from division of society into classes of people. Employees who earn subsistence wag es do not have access to resources that wealthy owners have. Marx theory deals with social conflict due to economic inequalities and non-Marxist theory is about social conflict from competing values in social groups. In Marxists, inequalities that are inherent in capitalist system may cause social problems.A system where some people have and others do not have may benefit those who have and translate to poverty for people who do not have. Physical health and low achievement in education and crime are caused by poverty. Marxist theory of conflict focuses on alienation and powerlessness in lives of people. Societies that are industrialized have workers with little power and control of their jobs and are powerless in their lives. Specialized work requires repetitive tasks to be performed which make employees feel their lives to be meaningless because they perform tasks that are very limited.Alienation occurs in workplace and classroom where students do not have power if they find a cur riculum with no meaning. Alienation leads to low achievements in education, suicide and violence. (Basch, 1999 pp35-39). According to non-Marxist, when there are opposing interests in groups, conflict may arise. For example, activists of antiabortion emphasize on life of unborn embryos while pro-choice activists emphasize on women having the right to control their body and make reproductive decisions.This shows different interpretations of what make a social problem. Availability of abortion is social problem to antiabortionists while restriction of abortion is a social problem to pro-choice advocates. In order to solve problems brought about by competing values. Conflicting groups must understand the views of each other and get solution to their differences through mediation. The solution should satisfy both groups and should be win-win. Power influences outcome of conflicts where the group with most power influences the outcome.For example, when the congress could not increase the age of legal drinking to twenty one voluntarily in all states, it threatened to remove all the funds for federal highway from people who refused to comply. Symbolic interactions perspective Symbolic interactions talks about how definitions and meanings from interacting with others influence human behavior. Meaning and consequences of social behavior is important and human being should define the situation instead of the objectives of the situation because consequences of the situations are the ones that make the situations become real.Social interaction shapes our identity and self concept is developed by observing interaction of other people and how people view us. (Coburn, 1998 pp22-26). Perspective of symbolic interaction has implication on research conducted by scientists. To understand behavior of individual or group, social scientists looks at world from eyes of the individual or group. They understand how other people view reality and subjective aspects of experiences they h ave gone through which includes beliefs, symbols and attitudes. For a condition to become a social problem, it must be defined as a social problem.There are different stages of development of a social problem. It begins with societal recognition where social problem is born such us drunk driving. The next is social legitimating where larger community recognizes social problem which include schools and media. The other stage is mobilization for action when groups and individuals try to respond to social condition which results to development of a plan to deal with problem for example having checkpoints in highway to check drivers who drive while drunk. Explaining the role of social psychologistsSocial psychologists predict behavior and explain it. They give explanation of behavior in terms of its social forms. The components of behavior are thought, feeling which is emotional and action that are observed. The study of social psychologists deals with how people think about others and social emotions of loving each other and getting attracted to each other and being social through aggression and helping other people. Social psychologists at group level explain behavior in terms of social and biological groups where people belong and processes that are used to mould these groups.Biological groups include sexes and species and social groups are religious, ethnic and cultural groups. They classify families as social and biological group and process of cultural and biological evolution and changes in social groups. The current social situation is taken to be the cause of behavior. Individuals have hypothetical factors inferred from their behavior such as attitudes, personality traits and consciousness. Social psychologists have experiments that raise questions about measurements and ethics in researching about social psychology.Empirical data and theories organize data and predict behavior of people. Good theories have predictive utility and data can support or disap prove data and bring about interesting research. (Dewald, 1987 pp30-34). Social psychologists studies the formation of attitudes, how attitude is structured, changes in attitude, how attitudes function and how attitude is related to behavior. This is because, situations influence people and general attitudes can not predict behavior.Due to various reasons, environment may be valued by a person on a particular day and attitudes are always remembered and are at the center of our self concept since they result to behavior and general attitudes predict behavior over a given period of time. Social psychologists study how people remember, perceive and think about information of others. They assume that in social recognition, reality is complex and easy to discern and world is seen as image of reality. They study attitudes involved in every discipline which includes social perception.Attitudes are learned and they influence how a person thinks and takes action where there is expression of approval or disapproval of what is liked or disliked. (Merton, 1973 pp17-23). Social psychologists deals with phenomenon which is self related. They lay emphasis on cognitions. Self concept is where a person understands himself and is a cognitive component called self-schema and evaluative component called self-esteem. The center for human motivation is self-esteem and self efficacy is where an individual expects that the task performed will be effective.Social psychologists ensure that people are able to develop self concepts through getting feedback from others and social comparison. Social psychologists studies group related phenomena and behavior people in a crowd. They study reduced self awareness caused by dangerous behavior which occurs in mobs due to dark environment or disguise. When people work as a group, productivity and performance can be affected because people work harder when in presence of others which improve the way simple tasks are performed. (Fosshage, 1995 pp51 -56).

Howard Zinn and the Us Constitution

The late Howard Zinn is a much respected historian. His views are known to be bold and nonetheless controversial. In his book, â€Å"A People’s History of the United States,† Zinn touches on topics such as indentured servants, angry civilians, and the United States Constitution. Indentured servants were people of a lower economic class who worked for people of a higher economic background. These servants worked for a given amount of time, usually between five and seven years and either worked for money, food, shelter, or freedom.Indentured servants were originally made up of mostly young white males who were trading their time in prison or their poverty for time working as a servant. The number of indentured servants began to decrease and soon after English colonists looked for other potential people to enslave. The Virginia colony needed labor. They needed to grow corn for subsistence, and needed to grow tobacco for export because they had just learned to grow tobacco. Virginia couldn’t make the Indians work for them like Christopher Columbus had done in the past. The colonists would be outnumbered if they decided to try to take over the Indians even though they were equipped with firearms. The Indians were resourceful, defiant, tough, and practically fearless. The colony needed an alternate choice. African slaves were the answer to Virginia’s labor problem. Blacks had already been imported as slaves to South America and the Caribbean to Spanish and Portuguese colonies.The blacks made enslavement easier because of how hopeless they were. They were robbed of their homeland and culture and in most cases they were separated from their families. Zinn referred to the slavery against the blacks to be the cruelest form of slavery in history. The British were taxing the colonial population to pay for the French war. Many colonists did not agree with the Stamp Act and wanted it repealed.That summer, Ebenezer Macintosh, a shoemaker, led a mob in destroying the house of a rich Boston merchants like Andrew Oliver and Thomas Hutchinson. Rioters smashed up their houses with axes, drank all the wine in the cellars, and looted the houses of the furniture and other objects. English officers reported these acts to be a part of a larger scheme in which the houses of 15 rich people were to be destroyed. The riots against the Stamp Act swept Boston in 1767.It took the Stamp Act crisis to make the leadership aware of its dilemma. After the riots a town meeting was arranged and mainly upper and middle class citizens were allowed to attend. Zinn argues the Founding Fathers, Benjamin Franklin, George Washington, John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, John Jay, James Madison, and Alexander Hamilton, may have had ulterior economic and class preservation motivations that were hidden by the universal language of the constitution document.Zinn also argues that the rich, in order to secure their own interests and economic status, must either control the government directly or control the laws by which government operates. Zinn often refers to the views and writings of historian Charles Beard. Beard studied the economic backgrounds and political ideas of the fifty-five men who gathered in Philadelphia in 1787 to draw up the constitution. In his findings a majority of them were lawyers by profession, most of them were wealthy due to land, slaves, manufacturing, or shipping.Half of them had money loaned out at interest, and that forty out of fifty held government bonds according to the records of the treasury department. Beard also found that most of the makers of the constitution had some direct economic interest in establishing a strong federal government. Beard did not think the constitution as written to benefit the Founding Fathers personally. The problem of democracy in the post- revolutionary society was not however the constitutional limitations on voting.It lay much deeper beyond the constitution in the division of societ y into rich and poor. The constitution then illustrates the complexity of the American system: that it serves the interests of wealthy elite, but also does enough for small owners, for middle-income farmers and mechanics to build a broad base of support. Alexander Hamilton, Secretary of Treasury and one of the Founding Fathers, believed that the government must ally itself with the richest elements of society to make itself strong.

Coffee and Starbucks Essays

Coffee and Starbucks Essays Coffee and Starbucks Paper Coffee and Starbucks Paper Starbucks: The best coffee, for the best YOU. Marketing Assignment DT398/1 Lecturer: Dr Daire Hooper Student: Tatiana Petruskova student NO. : 3337431 1. 0 Table of contents 2. 0 Introduction 3. 0 Current marketing situation 2 3 3. 1 Starbuckss current position in global markets 3. 2 Main competitors 4. 0 Environmental factors 4. 1 Micro Environment 4. 1. 1 Main Competitors 4. 1. 2 Customers 4. 1. 3 Suppliers 4. 2 Macro Environment 4. 2. 1 Economic Factors 4. 2. 2 Technological Factors 4. 2. 3 Political Factors 5. 0 SWOT analysts 5. 1 Strengths 5. 2 Weaknesses 5. 3 Opportunities 5. Threats 6. 7. 0 8. 0 9. 0 10. 0 11. 0 12. 0 2. 0 Product and Branding Strategies Pricing Strategies Promotional Strategies Distribution Channels Summary Conclusion References Introduction 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 The first Starbucks opened in 1971 by three partners: Jerry Baldwin, Gordon Bowker and Zev Siegl. The whole company was back then only a single store in Seattles historic Pike Place Market. Under the lea dership of Howard Schultz, President and CEO, the company has not only grown in the United States but world-wide expansion has been spectacular (Forbes 2013). Today, Starbucks is the largest coffeehouse erve hot and cold beverages, whole bean and microground instant coffee, full-leaf teas, pastries and snacks. Starbucks verifies the social and environmental performance of all manufactured products that end up in their stores. By the end of fiscal 2009, Starbucks had assessed the performance of over 114 factories around the world and assisted in over 37 performance improvement programmes (Starbucks). 3. 0 Current Marketing Situation Starbucks continues to expand overseas and most of the new additions will be in Asia Pacific and Chinas regions. China will be a key part of its global expansion as the ompany looks to grow the store count in the nation to 1,500 by the end of 201 5 (Forbes 2013). Starbucks utilises license agreements, strategic partnerships, and many other business activities and agreements. Starbucks latest acquisition of La Boulange and Evolution Fresh play some role in the companys growth as there is more food for breakfast and lunch including more baked goods coming soon. Starbucks also agreed to purchase tea retailer Teavana Holdings Inc. for $620 million. It is its largest acquisition to date. When it comes to buying, Starbucks is well known for its commitment to quality products. The company increased their purchases to 40 million pounds, making it the largest purchaser of the Fair Trade Certified coffee in the world (Starbucks Corporation). 3. 1 Starbucks current position in the world market A recent survey by American Express/SAP ranks Starbucks 49th among the Top 100 global retailers (Forbes 2013). Starbucks Corp. raised its profit forecast for the current fiscal year after sales in its top market U. S. topped expectations. The company set its new earnings per share forecast for fiscal 2013 at $2. 06 to $2. 15, up from $2. 04 to $2. 14 per share, previously. It also raised its target for global net new stores to 1,300 from 1,200 on accelerated expansion plans for China. 3. 2 Starbucks and its main competitors Starbucks primary competitors are quick-service restaurants and specialty coffee shop. Starbucks major competitors are Dunkin Donuts and McDonalds. McDonalds recently introduced McCafe campaign in which it sells coffee beverages at a slight discount to Starbucks. McDonalds priced their drinks between $1. 9 and $3. 29. By comparison, Starbucks comparable drink versions were priced between $2. 65 and $4. 15, a premium of approximately one-third. Dunkin Donuts uses its donuts and the est of their menu as the attraction. By 2006, Dunkin Donuts was the top selling retailer of coffee-by-the-cup in America at 2. 7 million cups a day, close to one billion cups a year (Dunkin Donuts, Press Release 2006). 4. 0 Environmental factors 4. 1 Micro environment The following section of this deals with some of the main factors within the Starbucks companies micro environment. More specifically, the following headings will be explored: 1. Main Competitors 2. Customers 3. Suppliers quality, service, suitability, and price. Although Starbucks faces significant competition in the markets, it is still ahead of its competitors. Starbucks main target market is men and women aged 25 to 40. They account for Just about half (49%) of its total business. Starbucks attract this particular age group through hip, contemporary design that is compliant in its advertising and decor and working to keep its products current as status symbols. Customers are likely to be urbanites with moderately high income and professional careers. Another 40% of Starbucks sales are creating young adults, aged 18 to 24. To appeal to this age group, Starbucks positions itself in colleges where students can hang out, and also appeals o them through technology focusing on social networking where it is actively producing a cool image. Aside from extraordinary coffee, Starbucks has made a business out of human connections, community involvement and the celebration of cultures. (Starbucks) Starbucks is seeking for diverse-owned businesses to purchase from. In addition to their buying practices, they support supplier diversity outreach projects sponsored by various organizations such as: The National Minority Supplier Development Council and the Womens Business Enterprise National Council. These projects nclude opportunity fairs, business development roundtables and supplier development projects. The Supplier Diversity helps to identify and deliver high- quality products and services. Starbucks is committed in creating a workplace that values and respects workers from diverse backgrounds. The company works with overseas suppliers to maintain a workplace that does not abuse workers. Therefore African farm groups selling coffee beans are getting more valued, they are paid better wages including benefits and are provided with resources that help to lower the cost of production, reduce fungus infections and increase the production of remium coffee. 4. 2 Macro Environement This section will examine some of the key Macro Environmental factors that face Heineken. More specifically, the following subjects will be discussed: 1. Economic Factors 2. Technological Factors 3. Political Factors As stated by Kotler and Armstrong (2010, p. 106), technological advances are possibly the strongest forces affecting current marketing strategies. The explosion of social media and the emergence of innovative technology in the last decade has seen new companies. Some of Starbucks uses of technology to market its product are as follows: 1 . Starbucks continuously uploads pictures and statuses on sites such as facebook, Instagram, twitter and pinterest, where most of the people in todays world have daily access to. . The introduction of Starbucks card had improved customer service. 3. Starbucks launched a free nationwide mobile payment app. 4. The free, unlimited Wi-Fi in the stores serves as makeshift office and a meeting place. 5. Starbucks has its own official website, where you can see the menu, purchase gifts, read about all the information of their products and Starbucks contribution to the environement as well as the ethical sourcing. Y ou can also top up our Starbucks card online. There have also been technological developments in agriculture. Agricultural technology has been a primary factor contributing to increases in farm productivity in developing countries. Although there is still widespread food insecurity, the situation without current technology development would have been inconceivable. Food prices are lower because of technology, but the benefits between consumers and producers depend on the nature of the local economy and trade patterns. Political factors that affect Starbucks include the level of stability within the countries in which Starbucks buy its coffee from. They get their coffee beans from countries all around the world in which some countries have a lot of natural disasters like earthquakes, tsunamis and wars. These natural disasters can affect Starbucks business because the countries will not be able to supply them with any of the coffee beans and they will have no coffee to sell. Starbucks also claims to be environmentally friendly, so they have to consider how to protect the brand aspect in everything they do. Another very important factor is the relationships between the countries between which the exchange of products is taking place. . 0 SWOT Analysts 1 . Commitment to quality 2. Large expansion worldwide 3. Ethical sourcing 4. Largest coffeehouse chain in the world 5. Supporting farmers and their communities 5. 2 Weakness 1. Product pricing 2. Negative publicity 3. Coffee beans price is the major influence over firms profits 5. 3 1. Increase in product variety 2. International expansion of retail operations 3. Technological adva ncements 4. Joint ventures Opportunities 1 . Competitors with similar offerings at lower cost 2. Rising prices in coffee beans and dairy products 3. Trademark infringement 4. Emergence of new competitors Products and branding strategy According to Louis E. Boone and David L. Kurtz (2010, p. 379) marketers recognize the powerful influence products and product lines have on customer behaviour and they work to create strong identities for their product and protect them. Branding is the process of creating that identity. Pricing Strategy Starbucks is the leader of the coffee market. As a distinct company, it controls a number of times more market share than any of its competitors. Starbucks sets its costs on a simple idea: high value at moderate cost. When people feel like they are getting a good deal for their money, they are more likely to pay a higher cost. Quality is the key. Sometimes when Starbucks introduces new products at higher cost, the costumers are willing to pay the extra money because they relate the Starbucks name with high quality. Although the risk still exists that more customers will prefer the lower-priced items, by presenting higher-priced items alongside lower-cost substitutes, Starbucks is mitigating the higher price through comparison. . 0 Promotional Strategies Starbucks has a strong presence on a number of social networks. When it comes to engaging its customers, Starbucks has definitely set a high bar. Instead of only ocusing their effort on new costumers, it cultivates its current ones. Whenever Starbucks takes a photo, it shares it on Instagram, twitter, facebook or pinterest. Promotion through networking is more valuable, as the world becomes more digitally concentrated. A proof its success can be seen on Facebook, where Starbucks has already over 35,5 million likes and the numbers are keep going up. Starbucks also increased their advertising in radios, televisions and billboards from 1. 4% to 3% by 2009. Starbucks uses push-pull strategy : Push tactics are taking the product to the costumer. Pull tactics are getting the ostumer to come to you. 9. 0 Distribution Channels Kotler and Armstrong (2013) describe a distribution channel to be a set of consumption by the consumer or business user. Moon and Quelch (2004) outline that Starbucks sold coffee products through non-company operated retail channels. These Specialty Operations accounted for of net revenues. About 27% of these revenues came from North America food-service accounts, that is sales of whole- bean and ground coffees to hotels, airlines and restaurants. Another 18% came from domestic retail store licences. The remaining 55% of specialty revenues came from a ariety of sources, including international licensed stores, grocery stores and warehouses clubs, online and mail-order sales. Starbucks also had a Joint venture with Pepsi-Cola to distribute Frappuccino beverages, as well as partnership with Dreyers Grand Ice Cream to develop and distribute a line of premium ice creams. 0. 0 Summary This report has looked at Starbucks, both as a brand and as an international manufacturer. It has investigated the methods of marketing that Starbucks uses to develop and promote, and also to distribute and sell its brands. Through comparisons with Starbucks main competitors, the companies standing in the arket place has been explained. 1 1. 0 Conclusion To conclude, this report has discovered that Starbuck has improved its brand profile by advertising and promoting itself. It has reached many new markets through a history of business partnerships and acquisitions. The company uses these acquisitions to market and distribute its core Starbucks brand. Our financial analysis has shown that Starbucks has an undervalued market price. This along with a promising expected return, and positive projections for future growth provide us reason to believe that it will undoubtedly add value to our current portfolio. 12. References Starbucks Corporations. Retrieved from starbucks. ie/about-us/our-heritage starbucks. ie/responsibility/sourcing/store-products Forbes (2013, January 1). Starbucks: Global Coffee Giant Has New Growth Plans. Retrieved from http:// www. forbes. com/sites/walterloeb/2013/01131 /starbucks- global-coffee- has- new- growth-plans/ Trefls (2013, July 23) Starbucks U. S. Growth Will Remain Solid While articles/196246/starb ucks- u-s- growth-will- remain-solid-while-overseas-expans ion- continues/2013-07-23 Seaford B. , Culp R. , Brooks B. (2012). Journal of the International Academy for Case Studies Vol. 18 Issue 3, p39-57. Starbucks: Maintaining a clear position. Starbucks. Starbucks environmenal factors. Retrieved from starbucks. ie/responsibility/environment Boone, L. E. Kurtz, D. L. (2010, p. 379) Contemporary Marketing. Natorp Boulevard Mason, OH: South Western Cengage Learning. Kotler, P. Armstrong, G. (2013, p. 355). Principles of Marketing (6th ed. ). Moon Y. , Quelch J. (2004). Starbucks: Delivery Customer Service. HBS No. 9-504-016, Harvard Business School Publishing. Moskowitz M. , (2001). Business Society Review. Company Performance Roundup, Issue 95, p73

History of Generations of Computers Essays

History of Generations of Computers Essays History of Generations of Computers Essay History of Generations of Computers Essay The computers that you see and use today hasnt come off by any inventor at one go. Rather it took centuries of rigorous research work to reach the present stage. And scientists are still working hard to make it better and better. But that is a different story. First, let us see when the very idea of computing with a machine or device, as against the conventional manual calculation, was given a shape. Though experiments were going on even earlier, it dates back to the 17th century when the first such successful device came into being. Edmund Gunter, an English mathematician, is credited with its development in 1620. Yet it was too primitive to be recognized even as the forefather of computers. The first mechanical digital calculating machine was built in 1642 by the French scientist-philosopher Blaise Pascal. And since then the ideas and inventions of many mathematicians, scientists, and engineers paved the way for the development of the modern computer in following years. But the world has had to wait for yet another couple of centuries to reach the next milestone in developing a computer. Then it was the English mathematician and inventor Charles Babbage who did the wonder with his works during 1830s. In fact, he was the first to work on a machine that can use and store values of large mathematical tables. The most important thing of this machine is its use in recording electric impulses, coded in the very simple binary system, with the help of only two kinds of symbols. This is quite a big leap closer to the basics on which computers today work. However, there was yet a long way to go. And, compared to present day computers, Babbages machine could be regarded as more of high-speed counting devices. For, they could only work on numbers alone! The Boolean algebra developed in the 19th century removed the numbers-alone limitation for these counting devices. This technique of mathematics, invented by Boole, helped correlate the binary digits with our language. For instance, the values of 0s are related with false statements and 1s with the true ones. British mathematician Alan Turing made further progress with the help of his theory of a computing model. Meanwhile the technological advancements of the 1930s helped much in furthering the advancement of computing devices. But the direct forefathers of present-day computer systems evolved in about 1940s. The Harvard Mark 1 Computer designed by Howard Aiken is the worlds first digital computer which made use of electro-mechanical devices. It was developed jointly by the International Business Machines (IBM) and the Harvard University in 1944. But the real breakthrough was the concept of the stored-program computer. This was when the Hungarian-American mathematician John von Neumann introduced the Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer (EDVAC). The ideathat instructions as well as data should be stored in the computers memory for better resultsmade this device totally different from its counting device type of forerunners. And since then computers have increasingly become faster and more powerful. Still, as against the present days personal computers, they had the simplest form of designs. It was based on a single CPU performing various operations, like, addition, multiplication and so on. And these operations would be performed following an order of instructions, called program, to produce the desired result. This form of design, was followed, with a little change even in the advanced versions of computers developed later. This changed version saw a division of the CPU into memory and arithmetic logical unit (ALU) parts and a separate input and output sections. In fact, the first four generations of computers followed this as their basic form of design. It was basically the type of hardware used that caused the difference over the generation. For instance, the first generation variety was based on vacuum tube technology. This was upgraded with the coming up of the transistors, and printed circuit board technology in the 2nd enerations. It was further upgraded by the coming up of integrated circuit chip technology where the little chips replaced a large number of components. Thus the size of computer was greatly reduced in the 3rd generation, while it become more powerful. But the real marvel came during the 1970s. It was with the introduction of the very large scale integrated technology (VLSI) in the 4th generation. Aided by this technology a tiny microprocessor can store millions of pieces of data. And based on this technology the IBM introduced its famous Personal Computers. Since then IBM itself, and other makers including Apple, Sinclair, and so forth, kept on developing more and more advanced versions of personal computers along with bigger and more powerful ones like Mainframe and Supercomputers for more complicated works. Meanwhile the tinier versions like laptops and even palmtops came up with more advanced technologies over the past couple of decades. But only advancement of technology cannot take the full credit for the amazing advancement of computers over the past few decades. Software, or the inbuilt logic to run the computer the way you like, kept on being developed at an equal pace. The coming of famous software manufacturers like Microsoft, Oracle, Sun have helped pacing up the development. The result of all these painstaking research is to add to our ease in solving complex problems at a lightning speed with a device that is easy to use and operate, called computer. In the beginning A generation refers to the state of improvement in the development of a product. This term is also used in the different advancements of computer technology. With each new generation, the circuitry has gotten smaller and more advanced than the previous generation before it. As a result of the miniaturization, speed, power, and memory of computers has proportionally increased. New discoveries are constantly being developed that affect the way we live, work and play. The First Generation: 1946-1958 (The Vacuum Tube Years) The first generation computers were huge, slow, expensive, and often undependable. In 1946 two Americans, PresperEckert, and John Mauchly built the ENIAC electronic computer which used vacuum tubes instead of the mechanical switches of the Mark I. The ENIAC used thousands of vacuum tubes, which took up a lot of space and gave off a great deal of heat just like light bulbs do. The ENIAC led to other vacuum tube type computers like the EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer) and the UNIVAC I (UNIVersal Automatic Computer). The vacuum tube was an extremely important step in the advancement of computers. Vacuum tubes were invented the same time the light bulb was invented by Thomas Edison and worked very similar to light bulbs. Its purpose was to act like an amplifier and a switch. Without any moving parts, vacuum tubes could take very weak signals and make the signal stronger (amplify it). Vacuum tubes could also stop and start the flow of electricity instantly (switch). These two properties made the ENIAC computer possible. The ENIAC gave off so much heat that they had to be cooled by gigantic air conditioners. However even with these huge coolers, vacuum tubes still overheated regularly. It was time for something new. The Second Generation: 1959-1964 (The Era of the Transistor) The transistor computer did not last as long as the vacuum tube computer lasted, but it was no less important in the advancement of computer technology. In 1947 three scientists, John Bardeen, William Shockley, and Walter Brattain working at ATTs Bell Labs invented what would replace the vacuum tube forever. This invention was the transistor which functions like a vacuum tube in that it can be used to relay and switch electronic signals. There were obvious differences between the transitor and the vacuum tube. The transistor was faster, more reliable, smaller, and much cheaper to build than a vacuum tube. One transistor replaced the equivalent of 40 vacuum tubes. These transistors were made of solid material, some of which is silicon, an abundant element (second only to oxygen) found in beach sand and glass. Therefore they were very cheap to produce. Transistors were found to conduct electricity faster and better than vacuum tubes. They were also much smaller and gave off virtually no heat compared to vacuum tubes. Their use marked a new beginning for the computer. Without this invention, space travel in the 1960s would not have been possible. However, a new invention would even further advance our ability to use computers. The Third Generation: 1965-1970 (Integrated Circuits Miniaturizing the Computer) Transistors were a tremendous breakthrough in advancing the computer. However no one could predict that thousands even now millions of transistors (circuits) could be compacted in such a small space. The integrated circuit, or as it is sometimes referred to as semiconductor chip, packs a huge number of transistors onto a single wafer of silicon. Robert Noyce of Fairchild Corporation and Jack Kilby of Texas Instruments independently discovered the amazing attributes of integrated circuits. Placing such large numbers of transistors on a single chip vastly increased the power of a single computer and lowered its cost considerably. Since the invention of integrated circuits, the number of transistors that can be placed on a single chip has doubled every two years, shrinking both the size and cost of computers even further and further enhancing its power. Most electronic devices today use some form of integrated circuits placed on printed circuit boards thin pieces of bakelite or fiberglass that have electrical connections etched onto them sometimes called a mother board. These third generation computers could carry out instructions in billionths of a second. The size of these machines dropped to the size of small file cabinets. Yet, the single biggest advancement in the computer era was yet to be discovered. The Fourth Generation: 1971-Today (The Microprocessor) This generation can be characterized by both the jump to monolithic integrated circuits(millions of transistors put onto one integrated circuit chip) and the invention of the microprocessor (a single chip that could do all the processing of a full-scale computer). By putting millions of transistors onto one single chip more calculation and faster speeds could be reached by computers. Because electricity travels about a foot in a billionth of a second, the smaller the distance the greater the speed of computers. However what really triggered the tremendous growth of computers and its significant impact on our lives is the invention of the microprocessor. Ted Hoff, employed by Intel (Robert Noyces new company) invented a chip the size of a pencil eraser that could do all the computing and logic work of a computer. The microprocessor was made to be used in calculators, not computers. It led, however, to the invention of personal computers, or microcomputers. It wasnt until the 1970s that people began buying computer for personal use. One of the earliest personal computers was the Altair 8800 computer kit. In 1975 you could purchase this kit and put it together to make your own personal computer. In 1977 the Apple IIwas sold to the public and in 1981 IBM entered the PC (personal computer) market. Today we have all heard of Intel and its Pentium ® Processors and now we know how it all got started. The computers of the next generation will have millions upon millions of transistors on one chip and will perform over abillion calculations in a single second. There is no end in sight for the computer movement. BlueCat Linux BlueCat is LynuxWorks distribution of open source Linux, enhanced to meet the requirements of embedded developers. BlueCat includes a royalty-free, open source Linux distribution and is compatible with the LynxOS RTOS, an industry leader in hard, real-time embedded software. With its heritage of reliability, availability, and serviceability, BlueCat has a common source base and development tools for multiple embedded targets. Debian GNU/Linux Debian GNU/Linux is a free distribution of the Linux based operating system. It is maintained and updated through the work of many users who volunteer their time and effort. Along with its large selection of prepackaged software is contains advanced package management tools that allow for easy installation and maintenance on individual systems and workstation clusters. Extensive pre-release testing is done to ensure the highest degree of reliability possible, and a publicly accessible bug tracking system provides an easy way to monitor customer feedback. Gentoo Linux Gentoo Linux is designed for the developer, power user and enthusiast. 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These MontaVista products are available for download at: mvista. com/download/index. html Mandriva Mandriva Linux is a powerful operating system that is available for many platforms: 32 bit processors such as Intel Pentium ®, AMD Athlon ®, PowerPC ®; and 64 bit processors such as Intel Itanium ® and AMD Opteron ®. Mandriva Linux includes many graphical administration assistants wizards that make it intuitive and fun to use while providing all the power and robustness of other Linux systems. Hundreds of included applications make it an ideal solution for both professional and home users. MkLinux MkLinux is an Open Source operating system which consists of an implementation of the Linux operating system hosted on the Mach microkernel. Versions of MkLinux run on the Intel, PA-RISC, and PowerPC architectures. Red Hat Enterprise Linux Red Hat Enterprise Linux is a high-end Linux distribution geared toward businesses with mission-critical needs. Rock Linux ROCK Linux is a modern Linux Distribution with a powerful auto-build process. Its mostly designed for skilled Linux/Unix Administrators. Its available for multiple platforms. ROCK Linux is a small distribution, but its not a mini distribution. It comes with over 200 packages including X11 and the GNOME Desktop but excluding menu driven configuration tools (most professional users prefer configuration files). A reasonably well configured installation of Rock Linux should be useful for any computer user (even beginners). Slackware Linux Slackware Linux is compatible with most Intel PC hardware. Slackware will provide stellar performance on high-end systems, including support for symmetric multi-processing (up to 16 processors), PCI, and special code optimizations for the 486, Pentium, and Pentium Pro and AMD Athlon SUSE Linux SUSE, now a subsidiary of Novell, produces one of the most popular mainstream Linux distrbutions. Yellow Dog Linux Yellow Dog Linux is a distribution for the PowerPC architecture. There are two versions: YDL Champion Server, which is the version designed for internet, intranet, development, and other mission-critical environments that require the most out of their operating system. The second is YDLGone Home, which is the version for the home or small office. TurboLinux TurboLinux provides a suite of high performance Linux productsfor the workstation and server markets. Available in English, Japanese and Chinese, Turbolinux offers Linux solutions geared towards corporate needs as well as the home desktop. TurboLinux also offers a unique clustering solution that allows for the construction of highly available and scalable networks based on low-cost commodity components. TurboLinux currently offers the choice of Gnome, KDE or the TurboDesk GUI and is distributed with powerful desktop applications such as StarOffice and Netscape. 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It supports the use of secure protocols for dial-up or local networking. tomsrtbt This is a small Linux operating system that fits on a single floppy disk Its useful as a root/boot/recovery disk,since it loads itself onto a RAM disk (thus allowing you to remove the floppy once its fully loaded) and comes with tools for checking and repairing most filesystems, including msdos and ext2fs. Trustix Secure Linux Trustix Secure Linux is a project to make a hardened Linux distribution for servers. It features OpenSSL, OpenSSH, Apache w/SSLPHP, Postfix, POP3 and IMAP with SSL support, ProFTP, and ftpd-BSD. ZipHam This mini distribution is made by and for Ham-radio but everybody can use it! GCL- Grey Cat Linux Grey Cat Linux is a minimalist Linux distribution that is compatible and based on Slackware 3. 5/ Basiclinux. It can be installed permanently or it can be loaded every time you need it. Download size is below 2MB. It comes with useful sofware, like a browser and word processor. ASPLinux ASPLinux is 100% RedHat compatible multipurpose GNU/Linux distribution which includes all includes all necessary components for installing high performance Internet/Intranet server or powerful multimedia workstation. The installation program featuring graphical and text modes includes ASPDiskManager an utility which let users edit a hard drive partitions data manually during the installation. It allows copying, moving, and resizing partitions with FAT16, FAT32, NTFS, Ext2, Ext3, XFS and ReiserFS file systems preserving existent data. ASPLinux has also its own graphical easy-to-use boot manager ASPLoader. Comes in Deluxe, Standard and Express editions along with OEM-edition which is distributed with new PCs Alphalinux Alfalinux is a standard portable Slackware on two floppy disks, a real linux that loads himself in RAM. 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PKLinux This distribution comes in two versions: Pklinux mini, which will install under Windows. It is aimed at people who want to try Linux out. Pklinux bigi is a standard but scaled down distribution based on Slackware. It is designed to run well with little physical RAM. Small Linux Small Linux is a minimalist distribution with the Linux kernel and file utilities that can boot on older systems like i386s with little physical ram memory. smoothwall Distribution geared toward those who have unused older equipment that they want to convert into firewalls. BasicLinux Tomukas Small Linux distribution featuring mc, joe, ssh and X-window with fvwm1. I can also be booted from an MS-DOS partition. The developer states: It works for me, it may work for you but it may not. JAILBAIT JAILBAIT means JAILBAITs Another Interesting Linux But Also Intimidating Tool. It is based on LEM and aimed toward developing net type appliances. Security-Enhanced Linux Not a distribution per se, SE Linux is a version of the Linux kernel enhanced for security purposes. It is developed by the U. S. governments National Security Agency and Secure Computing Corporation with the contributions of the University of Utah EmbLin Distribution aimed at the embedded developer. It fits on a floppy. Small, but provides Internet conectivity (lynx, mail, telnet) ZipSpeak Based on ZipSlack, ZipSpeak is intended for blind and visually impaired users. Speakup, a screen reader/voice synthesizer program is included in the distribution Linpus Linux Full-featured Chinese Linux distribution offering major packages and desktop enviroments. Offers complete multi-language support. Mastodon Linux Distribution based on an older (3. 0) version of Slackware. Uses libc5 and some applications ported from FreeBSD and OpenBSD ClarkConnect ClarkConnect has taken Red Hat, eliminated some applications, added some security features and connectivity software to create an Internet gateway distribution. ELinOS Distribution aimed at embedded Linux system developers and embedded applications development. Fli4L Fli4l is a single floppy Linux-based ISDN, DSL and Ethernet-Router. It is designed to convert old computers (486s) into productive network machines. Honung Linux Honung Linux resides on two floppies and after bootup it works completely from your RAM. It is made to be used in a router, its based on busybox and its aimed at being a clean system. Dreamcast Linux Distribution Linux distribution that is designed to run on the SEGA Dreamcast. Linspire (description provided by Linspire) Linspire is a full-featured computer operating system designed for desktop and laptop computers. Based on Debian Linux, Linspire provides a powerful, stable, virus-free computing experience, yet is incredibly easy-to-use. Bundled software includes a Microsoft Office file-compatible office suite, a powerful Internet and email suite, complete song and photo programs, media players for viewing animation and videos, and much more. New software is installed and managed with just one-click from Linspires CNR Warehouse, an online library of over 2,000 programs, with the optional Linspire CNR Service. Use Linspire to do things on the Web, create and share documents, work with graphics, play music, organize digital photos, view rich multimedia files and easily connect to networks and peripherals. IPCop Firewall IPCop is a complete Linux distribution that is designed to protect home or corporate networks from attack. It is based on SmoothWall, another security conscious distribution. Keeper Linux Minimalist Linux distribution designed to meet specific application needs. Current applications include the security of internal networks linked to DSL/cable modem and dial-up connections. Others include the administration of remote servers. Keeper boots off 2 floppy disks, with its root filing system in ramdisk, so no hard drive is necessary. Now available is a KLX bootable CDROM. It is designed to work as a secure gateway between networks. Includes: Modular 2. 4. 18 Linux Kernel. Iptables Firewall. Zebra Router, RIP, OSPF, BGP. SSH2 Client and Server (Openssh). PPP Dial-on-demand Internet Gateway. Full featured Rescue Disk Facilities. Standard Syslogd System logging White Glove Linux When you boot your computer from the White Glove CD, it instantly becomes a Linux powerhouse. It comes complete with firewall software, drivers for most Ethernet cards and Disks, a wide range of networking and other amazing tools, and even complete and secure web and DNS servers. It includes an on-CD manual and tutorial, menu-based services from the X11 graphical user interface, and a set of tools that meet or exceed those you are used to today. Its easy to use, easily fits in your shirt pocket, fast to boot and run, reliable, secure, and inexpensive. Yu0-GNU-Linux Distribution that fits on 2 disks (with 3rd as upgrade) and offers: work without hard disks, but it is possible to mount them, ext3 file system included, TEA files encryption and decryption, serbo-croatian menu with many options, upgrade disk gives possibility to use GnuPg as well. graphical login screen, immediate use of serbian cyrillic or latinic letters, immediate use of croatian latinic letters and keyboards, upgrade disk gives possibility to use GnuPg as well. graphical login screen, immediate use of serbian cyrillic or latinic letters, immediate use of croatian latinic letters and keyboards, many HOWTOs and documentation in Serbo-Croatian. Source Mage GNU/Linux This is a source-based distrib ution, where the package source files are downloaded and compiled for your architecture, selected optimizations, and installed libraries. This is a fork of Sorcerer GNU/Linux of when SGL was dropped, and then later reintroduced to become a non-GPL distribution, Sorcerer Linux. (broadband recommended for source downloads). SoL Server optimized Linux SoL is short for Server optimized Linux and is a Linux distribution completely independent from other Linux-distributions. It was built from the original src-packages and is optimized for heavy-duty server work. It contains all common server applications. You need SoL if you want to install Linux-Server and dont want to spend too much time installing the system, gathering and configuring the server-packages and configuring the system to boot and work as you want it to. The revolutionary XML boot- and script-technology makes it easy to configure and make the server work. PLD Linux Distribution PLD is a free distribution that provides a vast selection of over 9000 packages with virtually every program thats available to the Linux community, from servers and programming tools to multimedia and desktop software. Its meant to be developer-friendly, meaning that its easy both to customize PLD to ones own needs and to participate in its constant improvement, visible day by day. KNOPPIX Full-featured Linux distribution that boots from a CD. Includes the latest version of KDE and OpenOffice. Can be used to work from Linux on PCs without actually installing it, so it is ideal for demonstrations of Linux. Based on Debian. Firegate Server A server operating system based on Linux, Firegate Server SMB Edition is the first ever self-managing server OS designed for small and mid-sized businesses. Firegate securely connects offices to the Internet and to each other, protecting valuable electronic information. Office staff can securely surf the web, send and receive email, host the company web site, share files, host a customer database, and more Xandros Xandros is a distribution based of Debian and KDE that seeks to make Linux simpler and easier to use while broaden the scope of day to day activities that users desire. Initially focused on the desktop, Xandros is also developing server technologies. FireCast Software Suite for Kiosks WireSpring Technologies makes FireCast, a Linux-based software suite for building and managing interactive kiosk networks. Designed for use with standard PC hardware and supporting ELO touch screens, FireCast bundles a tamper-resistant kiosk environment, customizable user interface, web browser, and full multimedia support with a plug-and-play Linux operating system. FireCast also includes a complete set of web-based remote management and advertising control tools for scheduling content, monitoring device status, and creating and tracking ad campaigns. The software requires no prior knowledge of Linux, and uses a familiar graphical interface for all administrative functions. O-Net Italian distribution oriented toward networking. (Information at the website in Italian) LinuxInstall. org Designed with Linux novices in mind, this distribution is designed to install automagically. The user does not have to worry about partitioning the hard drive or selecting packages. A set of pre-selected productivity applications are installed (web browser, mail client) and the user is ready to go. Ark Linux The Ark Linux distribution is based on Red Hat Linux and geared toward the newcomer to Linux. The developers claim it can be installed in 4 mouse clicks. TopologiLinux This distribution can be run from any versions of Windows or Dos. Very easy to install and based on latest slackware. Includes X-windows Gnome Kde and many other applications. There is support for both FAT and NTFS filesystems! ARM Linux ARM Linux is a port of Linux to machines running ARM processors. The primary work was done by Russell King with contributions from others. SoL-diag SoL-diag is a diskless Linux operating system designed for rescue and analysis of i686 type computers. The 36MB image contains over 300 programs hich can be used for education on Linux systems. SoL-diag features the current stable Linux kernel with almost all available kernel modules. With SoL-diag, watching DVD, listening to mp3s and burning CD-RWs is possible without installing Linux on your harddrive. Yoper Yoper is a full-featured distribution that is designed to run on high-end CPUs (Pentium II and IV, AMD Athon, Duron and othe r similar chips). The developers have provided for easy install of packages from other major distributions (RPM, DEB, TGZ) Damn Small Linux Damn Small Linux is a business card size (50MB) Live CD Linux distribution. Despite its miniscule size it strives to have a functional and easy to use desktop. Morphix Morphix is a live-cd distribution designed to be run from a CD-ROM drive with no need to partition and install in your hard disk. It comes in three main types, a LightGUI (small footprint) version, a medium version with KDE and a HeavyGUI version that includes both the latest KDE and GNOME along with the OpenOffice suite Puppy Puppy is a tiny distribution but with a full suite of GUI apps and loads entirely into a 48M ramdisk. This means that all applications start in the blink of an eye and respond immediately. Puppy will fit into the small distro category, but is not floppy based. Also fits the live-CD based category, but not limited to that as can install to any storage media. Arch Linux A Linux Distribution optimized for the i686 architecture. Intrinsyc Linux At the Linux kernel, Intrinsyc supports ARM and PowerPC architectures. Both code bases are tightly synchronized with the latest stable branches adopted in the Linux community. The ARM kernel base supports SA1100 and PXA250/255. IBMs PowerPC 405EP embedded processor is a new member in our repository. On top of the Linux kernels, Intrinsyc has its I-Linux distribution file system. The Intrinsyc Linux distribution is based on the Familiar Distribution which was originally designed for use on the HP/Compaq iPAQ PDA, but has proven to be easily adaptable to a wide range of ARM-based hardware. Intrinsyc has also ported the Familiar packages onto its new PowerPC architecture, providing a unique solution not currently offered from anyone else for any device on the market. Familiar Linux is based on package feeds. Once you install the base file system image, users can install additional applications as packages over the network and tailor their own file systems to specific needs. Fedora Fedora Core is RedHats plan to develop a complete, general purpose operating system exclusively from free software. The distribution was created to replace low-end, comsumer versions of RedHat Linux. Impi Linux Linux distribution developed in South Africa. It is aimed at mainstream users. Includes productivity applications for accounting, word processing/spreadsheet, web browsing, email and other office and home user needs. MEPIS Linux Debian based distribution optimized for desktop use. Runs from a live CD and can be installed to a hard disk. Comes with the latest versions of KDE, Mozilla and OpenOffice. Boast easy hardware configuration including WiFi support. Roku OS Custom-developed embedded Linux distribution specifically designed for the Roku high-definition digital media player. It includes the Linux kernel plus Rokus media APIs. It is designed to be developer friendly. DeLi Linux DeLi Linux stands for Desktop Light Linux. Its aimed at taking advantage of older machines (pre-Pentium II). DeLi Linux is based on Slackware Bonzai Linux Bonzai Linux is a distribution designed to fit on a Mini CD. Its based on Debian and offers the latest version of the popular KDE. BU Linux Distribution based on RedHat and developer for students at Boston University CERN Linux CERN Linux is a ramped-up version of RedHat Linux. It is optimized to run clusters more efficiently FREEDUC Live CD distribution developed with the help of UNESCO. It has a fully functional desktop and offers interfaces in a variety of lanaguages. Aurox Linux Aurox is a distribution developed in Poland and aimed at mainstream users. The most recent version is based on Fedora Core. blag blag is a RedHat based distribution. It offers most things that any computer user might need (office suit, multimedia, graphics and more) IDMS Linux Distibution for servers. As the project members point out, there are no GUIs, No X, No fancy s**t Feather Linux Feather Linux is a Knoppix-based distribution which fits in under 64Mb, boots off a CD or USB pendrive, and has a wide range of applications for admin, desktop and rescue use. PCQuest Linux Mainstream Linux distribution based on Red Hats Fedora Core and developed by the magazine PC Quest based in India. The distribution is apparently only obtainable through a subscription to the magazine. ATOS Linux ATOS Mini Server is designed for the use in Intranets and offers a complete all-in-one Serversolution. ATOS Professional Server is designed for the use as an Interface between the Intranet and the WAN (DMZ). SLAX Live CD distribution based on Slackware. Includes the latest version of KDE as the desktop. GoboLinux Innovative distribution that doesnt use the traditional Linux file system hierarchy. Each application gets its own directory system. Insigne GNU/Linux Mainstream Linux distribution based on Red Hat. VLOS Distribution based on Gentoo and aimed at maintream users. Lineox Enterprise Linux Distribution from Finland that contains all freely distributable packages from Red Hat Enterprise Linux. Catix Live CD distribution produced in Catalonia, Spain. Program interfaces and documention are in Catalonian (Catalan). White Box Linux A distribution that aims to be a free version of Red Hat Enterprise Linux. StartCom Linux Distribution with four versions all based on Red Hat Enterprise Linux. The versions are geared toward business data centers, home use, office workstations and software developers. HostGIS Linux Distribution developed especially for handing GIS (Geographic Information Systems) rpath Linux Distribution designed to use the Conary system, a distributed software management system alternatives to RPM and dpkg systems for updates. Quantian Live CD distribution based on Knoppix/Debian. It is geared toward numerical and quantitative analysis Berry Linux Live CD distribution based on Fedora. CCux Linux Distribution aimed at machines with i686 and higher processor. Updates based on RPM and apt. stresslinux Minimalist distribution that can boot from a CD, usb-stic or usb-floppy. Designed to stress-test hardware. Austrumi Small (50mb) live CD distribution based on Slackware. Annvix Distribution that aims to be a hardened version of Mandrake. Zenwalk Minislack Linux is a distribution aimed at developers but also includes the normal list of applications for general desktop use. As the name implies, its based on Slackware Adamantix Security enhanced version of Debian GNU/Linux. QiLinux Mainstream Linux distribution developed in Italy tinysofa Hardened Linux distribution that comes in two versions, classic and enterprise. Bayanihan Linux Mainstream distribution developed by the Advanced Science and Technology Institute of the Philippines CensorNet CensorNet provides users with the ability to filter network content and restrict access. Ubuntu Linux Mainstream distribution based on Debian that includes the latest version of all major software packages. The developers aim to make it accessable in many languages. Asianux Distribution aimed at servers and developed by Red Flag of China and Miracle Linux Cooperation of Japan ASLinux Desktop Distribution from Spain aimed at home users. Based on Debian. BioBrew Linux Linux distribution designed to be run on a cluster and enhanced for bioinformaticists and life scientists. BRaiLleSPEAK Debian-based minimalist distribution designed for sight-impared individuals. RedHawk Linux Real-time Linux distribution designed to be used embedded in devices. neoLinux Distribution designed for small and medium businesses. Developed in Brazil. Danix Live CD distribution based on Knoppix and optimized for Czech and Slovak users. Dappix Danish version of Knoppix DietLinux Floppy or CD based minimalist Linux distribution designed to use small-footprint libraries dyne:bolic Live CD distribution aimed at multimedia developers and designed to run effectively on older hardware. eduKnoppix Live CD distribution created in Italy and optimized for use in Italian schools. As the name indicates, it is based on Knoppix. Fermi Linux Security enhanced distribution based on Red Hat Enterprise Linux GeeXboX Live CD distribution centered around MPlayer and designed to be a multimedia player. Gentoox Distribution based on Gentoo and designed to run on the X-Box PXES Minimalist distribution designed to turn older PCs into diskless thin clients. Hakin9 Live Live CD distribution that comes with security oriented tools Hikarunix Live CD distribution especially designed to play the game of Go. INSERT Live CD distribution designed to be used for disaster recovery for both Linux and Windows (supports NTFS, FAT and MSDOS) systems. Based on Knoppix LinVDR Minimalist Linux distribution aimed at turning a machine with modest hardware into a Video Disk Recorder (VDR) and Personal Video Recorder (PVR) Games Knoppix Version of the live CD distribution Knoppix modified to include a large variety of games. Runs best with 3D optimized video cards. eLux eLux is a version of Linux for embedded systems specifically thin clients. Its designed to provide access to both MS Windows and Linux on remote systems PCLinuxOS Attractive live CD distribution based on Mandrake. It is user-friendly and aimed at the general public. SAM Minimalist but attractive live CD distribution based on Mandrake. The whole system fits in 200 MB GoblinX Live CD distribution based on Slackware. Comes with many of the most popular applications for Linux Santa Fe Linux Santa Fe features automatic hardware detection and configuration. Our distribution was designed to make the best open source software available to the ordinary user. Good for beginners and experts alike, Santa Fes simple interface and graphical installer remove the frustration from Linux Flash Linux Distribution that can run from USB key drive or similiar devices. Based on Gentoo. LVP LVP is a live CD distribution based on ROCK Linux. Its designed to play video on low-power machines. uClinux uClinux is a derivative of Linux 2. 0 kernel intended for microcontrollers without Memory Management Units (MMUs). iPodLinux iPodLinux is a combination of a modified uClinux kernel (for embedded devices) and a simple user interface called Podzilla that can be installed on the Apple iPod and used to control that device. Pie Box Enterprise Linux Pie Box is one of several Red Hat Enterprise Linux clones. It delivers an enterprise-class operating system. DiscoverStation Linux distribution designed to enable one PC to provide up to 10 separate user sessions with each using their own monitor. DiscoverStation features time management and internet content filtering and is ideal for multi-user environments like schools or internet cafes. FoxLinux Distribution based on Fedora Core and developed in Italy. It is aimed at desktop users and features easy installation DARKSTAR Linux A user-friendly desktop Linux distribution from Romania. Has the look and feel of Windows XP. SLYNUX Live CD distribution from India and based on Knoppix OpenLX Linux The OpenLX LINUX Distribution aims to offer an Enterprise-grade LINUX to the widest spectrum of users, right from the individuals wanting a freely download-able/exchangeable one, right up-to the large-Enterprise that needs 24/7/365 support with complete aspects of Installation-Maintenance-Support-Training aspects being taken care of at a single point. Slamd64 Slamd64 is an unofficial port of Slackware Linux to the x86_64 architecture Foresight Linux Forsight Linux is a distribution based around the GNOME desktop. Mono is also featured prominently. The package system is based on Conary. Symphony OS Distribution based on Debian and Knoppix that offers a new kind of desktop experience called the Mezzo Desktop Environment. Kanotix Live CD distribution based on Debian. Emphasis on hardware support. Myah OS Myah OS is a live CD distribution that is designed for ease of use and offers applications aimed at the general public. UMCE Linux UMCE Linux is a custom distribution designed to run servers at the University of Michigan STUX GNU/Linux STUX is a live CD distribution that uses the KDE desktop. It comes with advanced support for multimedia formats. Arudius Arudius is a live CD distribution based on Slackware. It is designed for use for security purposes and so contains many tools for network and software vulnerability analysis. LiMP Linux Multimedia Player or LiMP is a small footprint distribution designed for media format playback. It supports mpeg layer 1, 2 and 3 (mp3), divx, Windows Media, Quicktime, Real Video as well as audio codecs wav, wma and Ogg Vorbis. It can be run as a standard distribution or from Microsoft Windows. Scientific Linux Distribution whose purpose is to create a common install base for scientific experiementation NimbleX Live CD distribution based on Slackware that will also boot from a USB device. Despite its small size, it comes with many mainstream Linux applications. Musix Musix es una distribucion tipo live CD destinado a musicos, tecnicos sonidistas y usuarios en general: una enorme coleccion de programas libres. VideoLinux Live CD distribution that specializes in video tools. Includes applications for DVD backup, video encoding, editing and authoring Sauver Live CD distribution that features three editions: rescue, desktop and laptop. CentOS Enterprise Linux system based on freely available Red Hat sources. Brazil Firewall and Router BrazilFW is a Linux mini-distro, designed for setting up network utility services such as internet connection sharing, firewalling, routing and wireless access points. It is based on Coyote Linux. Pardus General purpose Linux distribution aimed at Turkish users. A live CD version is also available. Openwall GNU/Linux Owl Security-enhanced Linux distribution designed to be mainly a server platform Zeroshell Zeroshell is a live-CD distribution with enhanced security and networking capability. Elive Live CD distribution based on Debian. Features the Enlightenment desktop as its main user interface Freespire Community developed version of the Linspire Linux distribution. There are two versions: One which only includes free software and another which includes legally-licensed, proprietary codecs, drivers and software. X-Evian Live CD distribution from Spain based on Debian and Knoppix Pioneer Linux Mainstream Linux distribution based on Ubuntu. Comes in three versions: one designed for older hardware, one designed for general use and a commercial version that comes with Codeweavers Crossover software for running Windows rograms. Ulteo Mainstream Linux distribution created by Mandrake co-founder Gael Duval. Based on Debian. Icebreaker Distribution produced by rPath and Ingres. It contains a minimal set of tools that are just needed to run the Ingres database BOSS (Bharat Operating System Solutions) Mainstream distribution made specifically for the Indian environment. Its development is sponsored by the National Resourc e Center for Free/Open Source Software myOS Minimalist Linux distribution which is able to run OpenGL/C code without X. 64 Studio Debian-based distribution for digital content creation. Designed for 64 bit processors, though there is a 32 bit port available. blueflops Minimalist distribution that fits on two floppy disks. Despite its lacking a GUI, web browsing in graphical mode can be done via text mode browser links plus svgalib. Parted Magic Live CD distribution designed to be a tool for partitioning hard drives. It contains an extensive collection of tools to handle all types of fileystem. BeaFanatIX Minimalist distribution that is a re-worked version of now defunct BeatriX with more of an Ubuntu flavor. Openfiler Openfiler is a distribution thats specially designed for storage management. It allows you to get a Network Attached Storage (NAS) or Storage Area Network (SAN) server up and running quickly. Granular Linux Distribution oriented toward novices and designed with a modular approach. A live CD version is available. grml Debian-based Live CD distribution designed for system administrators. Includes tools for system analysis and rescue. Sidux Distribution based on the unstable branch of Debian. It is designed to be constantly updated, never needing a major version update. Absolute Lightweight Slackware-based distribution optimised to run on older hardware. Paldo Distribution oriented toward mainstream users that includes its own package management system, Upkg. Its a cross between a source-build (Gentoo) and binary based system. Voyage Linux Stripped down version of Debian optimized to run in embedded systems AntiX Scaled-down version of MEPIS designed to work on older hardware. Desktop can be either Fluxbox or IceWM. Parsix GNU/Linux Live CD distribution based on Debian and KANOTIX and optimized for Persian keyboard layout and fonts. Tuquito GNU/Linux Tuquito GNU/Linux is a distribution developed in Argentina and based on Debian. It features advanced hardware detection Momonga Momonga is a mainstream distribution optimized for Japanese language Galinux Galinux is a distribution based on Slax (which in turn is based on Slackware) and developed for educational use. Development takes place in Galicia (Spain) and it is optimized for the local language Galician (Gallego pure:dyne Live CD distribution that provides a complete and ready made environment for media artists and developers who are looking for a free operating system dedicated to realtime audio and video processing Current versions ?Windows 7, for home and business desktops and portable computers ? Windows 7 Starter A variant for developing countries and netbooks, in which the Aero theme is not included, nor 64-bit compatibility. This edition will be available pre-installed on computers through system integrators or computer manufacturers. ?Windows 7 Home Basic Windows 7 Home Basic will be available in emerging markets such as Brazil, Peoples Republic of China, India, Indonesia, Mexico, Pakistan, the Philippines, and Thailand. It will not be available in countries such as Australia, Canada, France, Germany, The Netherlands, United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia, New Zealand, the United States, and the United Kingdom. Some Aero options are excluded along with several new features. ?Windows 7 Home Premium This edition contains features aimed at the home market segment, such as Windows Media Center,Windows Aero and touch-screen controls. ?Windows 7 Professional This edition is targeted toward enthusiasts and small business users. It includes all the features of Windows 7 Home Premium, and adds the ability to participate in a Windows Server domain. Additional features include operating as a Remote Desktop server, location aware printing, Encrypting File System, Presentation Mode and Windows XP Mode. Windows 7 Enterprise (Microsoft Windows NT 6. 1. 7600) This edition targets the enterprise segment of the market and will be sold through volume licensing to companies which have Software Assurance contract with Microsoft. Additional features include support forMultilingual User Interface (MUI) packages, BitLocker Drive Encryption, and UNIX application-support. Not available through retail or OEM channels , this edition will be distributed through Microsoft Software Assurance (SA). As a result it includes several SA-only benefits, including a license allowing the running of multiple virtual machines, and activation via VLK. Windows 7 Ultimate Windows 7 Ultimate contains the same features as Windows 7 Enterprise, but unlike that edition it will be available to home users on an individual license basis. Windows 7 Home Premium and Windows 7 Professional users will be able to upgrade to Windows 7 Ultimate for a fee using Windows Anytime Upgrade if they wish to do so. Unlike Windows Vista Ultimate, the Windows 7 Ultimate edition will not include the Windows Ultimate Extras feature or any exclusive features. (6. 1. 7600) ? Windows Server 2008 R2 for servers. ?Windows Web Server 2008 R2 ?Windows Storage Server 2008 R2 ?Windows Server 2008 R2 Standard Edition Windows Server 2008 R2 Enterprise Edition ?Windows Server 2008 R2 Datacenter Edition ?Windows Server 2008 R2 for Itanium-based Systems ?Windows HPC Server 2008 R2 for high Performance supercomputers ? Windows Server 2008 R2 Foundation ?Windows Mobile 6. 5 for smartphones and PDAs ?Windows Home Server Announced at the 2007 Consumer Electronics Show (CES) in Las Vegas. Windows Home Server is intended to be a solution for homes with multiple connected PCs to offer file sharing, automated backups, and remote access. ?Windows XP Embedded, for embedded systems requiring parts of the Windows XP infrastructure ? Windows Fundamentals for Legacy PCs, a low-end version of Windows XP that is intended to be a thin-client that works with older hardware. ?Windows Embedded CE 6. 0, for embedded systems (not based on the Windows NT kernel) Past versions ?Windows Mobile 6. 1 for smartphones and PDAs ?Windows Server 2008 for servers. ?Windows Web Server 2008 ?Windows Server 2008 Standard Edition ?Windows Server 2008 Enterprise Edition (Microsoft Windows NT 6. 0. 6001 Service Pack 1) ? Windows Server 2008 Datacenter Edition ?Windows Storage Server 2008 ?Windows Small Business Server 2008 (Codenamed Cougar) for small businesses ? Windows Essential Business Server 2008 (Codenamed Centro) for medium-sized businesses[1] ? Windows Server 2008 for Itanium-based Systems ?Windows HPC Server 2008 for high Performance supercomputers ? Windows Server Foundation 2008 ?Windows Vista, for home and business desktops and portable computers ? Windows Vista Starter Similar to Windows XP Starter Edition, this edition will be limited to emerging markets such as Colombia, India, Thailand, and Indonesia, mainly to offer a legal alternative to using unauthorized copies. It will not be available in the United States, Canada, Europe, or Australia. Windows Vista Home Basic Similar to Windows XP Home Edition, Home Basic is intended for budget users not requiring advanced media support for home use. The Windows Aero theme with translucent effects will not be included with this edition. ?Windows Vista Home Premium Like Windows XP Media Center Edition, this edition will support more advanced multimedia and entertainment authoring, premiu m games, mobile and tablet PC support, Network Projector, Windows Aero, Touch Screen, and auxiliary display (via Windows Side Show) support. ?Windows Vista Business This edition is aimed at the business market. It includes advanced network and security features, whilst excluding entertainment features. ?Windows Vista Enterprise (Microsoft Windows NT 6. 0. 6000. 0) This edition is aimed at the enterprise segment of the market, and is a superset of the Business edition. Additional features include multilingual user interface support, BitLocker Drive Encryption, and UNIX application support. This edition will not be available through retail or OEM channels ? Windows Vista Ultimate This edition combines all the features of the Home Premium and Enterprise editions, a game performance tweaker (WinSAT), and Ultimate Extras. Windows Server 2003 for servers ?Small Business Server for first server installations (up to 2 processors) ? Web Edition for basic Web serving (up to 2 processors) ?Standard Edition for smaller server applications that dont require clustering (up to 4 processors) ? Enterprise Edition for larger server applications, and clustering (up to 8 processors) ? Datacenter Edition for ma inframe like servers (up to 128 processors) ? Storage Server for Network Attached Storage Devices (5. 2. 3790) ? Windows Mobile 6 for smartphones and PDA ?Windows Mobile 6 Standard for smartphones Windows Mobile 6 Classic for PDA without GSM ?Windows Mobile 6 for PDA with GSM ?Windows XP for desktops and laptops (notebooks) ?Windows XP Starter Edition, for new computer users in developing countries ? Windows XP Home Edition, for home desktops and laptops ?Windows XP Home Edition N, as above, but without a default installation of Windows Media Player, as mandated by an EU ruling ? Windows XP Professional, for business and power users (Version number: NT 5. 1. 2600) ? Windows XP Professional N, as above, but without a default installation of Windows Media Player, as mandated by an EU ruling ? Windows XP Professional x64 Edition, for PCs with x86-64 processors (based on Windows Server 2003) ? Windows XP Tablet PC Edition, for notebooks with a touch screen or a pen-sensitive screen ? Windows XP Media Center Edition for desktops and notebooks with an emphasis on audio, video, and PVR capability. There are four versions: ? Windows XP Media Center Edition ?Windows XP Media Center Edition 2003 ?Windows XP Media Center Edition 2004 ?Windows XP Media Center Edition 2005 ?2001 October 25 Windows XP 64-bit Edition A version of Windows XP roughly analogous to Windows XP Professional for Intels IA-64 (Itanium) line of CPUs.